Sunday, December 18, 2011

马来西亚政府以面值(Par Value)来计算土著股权占有率(Bumiputera's shareholding)的险恶居心

假设30年前,马来西亚有5间公司(既是A, B, C, D 和 E公司),每间公司的发行股数为1,000股以及其股票的面值(Par Value)为RM1.00,而且所有公司都以其面值的价值来发行(Issue Price)股票,所以每一间公司的缴足资本为(Issued and Paid-Up Capital)RM1,000。

如果这5间公司以面值来计算的话其占市场上的股权占有率如下:
Value of A = RM1,000 (20%)
Value of B = RM1,000 (20%)
Value of C = RM1,000 (20%)
Value of D = RM1,000 (20%)
Value of E = RM1,000 (20%)
Total Value = RM5,000 (100%)

由于当时这5间公司在同时开始营运,所以它们的盈余保留(Retained Earnings/ Reserve)是0。因此它们的股东资金(Shareholders’ Equity,又可称为Net Asset Value,简称NAV)是相同的:
(Number of Shares * Par Value) + Share Premium + Retained Earnings = NAV
NAV of A = (1,000 * RM1.00) + RM0 + RM0 = RM1,000
NAV of B = (1,000 * RM1.00) + RM0 + RM0 = RM1,000
NAV of C = (1,000 * RM1.00) + RM0 + RM0 = RM1,000
NAV of D = (1,000 * RM1.00) + RM0 + RM0 = RM1,000
NAV of E = (1,000 * RM1.00) + RM0 + RM0 = RM1,000

而且我们也假设它们的市价(Market Value,简称MV)是NAV的1倍,既是Price-to-book ratio (P/B)= 1 time。所以在起点时这5间公司以市价来计算的话,它们的股权占有率都是相等的:
MV = NAV * 1x of P/B
MV of A = RM1,000 (20%)
MV of B = RM1,000 (20%)
MV of C = RM1,000 (20%)
MV of D = RM1,000 (20%)
MV of E = RM1,000 (20%)
Total MV = RM5,000 (100%)

土著在当时只控有A公司,那土著在30年前以面值或市价来计算他们的股权占有率都显示出他们控有了20%的股权。

30年后,这5间公司的Retained Earnings/ Reserve如下:
Retained Earnings/ Reserve of A = RM10,000
Retained Earnings/ Reserve of B = RM1,000
Retained Earnings/ Reserve of C = RM1,000
Retained Earnings/ Reserve of D = RM2,000
Retained Earnings/ Reserve of E = RM-20,000

这5间公司30年后的NAV如下(假设这5间公司在30年里没有派过任何股息,没有做过股票自购(Share Buyback)没有做过股票分割或整合(Share Split or Share Consolidation),没有派过红股(Bonus Issue)或Share Dividend,也没曾发行过附加股(Rights Issue)):
NAV of A: RM1,000 + RM0 + RM10,000 = RM11,000
NAV of B: RM1,000 + RM0 + RM1,000 = RM2,000
NAV of C: RM1,000 + RM0 + RM1,000 = RM2,000
NAV of D: RM1,000 + RM0 + RM2,000 = RM3,000
NAV of E: RM1,000 + RM0 + RM-20,000 = RM-19,000

由于E公司的股东资金为负数并宣布破产,所以它的市价为0。以那剩下4间公司的面值来算公司的股权占有率如下:
Value of A = RM1,000 (25%)
Value of B = RM1,000 (25%)
Value of C = RM1,000 (25%)
Value of D = RM1,000 (25%)
Total Value = RM4,000 (100%)

大家可以看得出如果以面值来算,那土著所掌控的A公司在整个市场上的占有率只略为提升至25%,还少于30%。但这并没有算进公司NAV的增长,极可能是政府刻意忽略,以达到其控制市场为终极目标的恶毒居心。

如果以剩下的4间公司的NAV来算它们的市价 (假设它们的P/B率还是1倍),那它们各自的股权占有率如下:
MV of A = RM11,000 (61.11%)
MV of B = RM2,000 (11.11%)
MV of C = RM2,000 (11.11%)
MV of D = RM3,000 (16.67%)
Total MV = RM18,000 (100%)

可以看得出以市价算股权占有率的话,土著的股权占有率其实已经透过A公司掌控达到了61.11%的市场股权占有率,而不是政府所说的25%。

看回马来西亚上市公司的市值最大的前3间公司,既是Sime Darby, Maybank和CIMB Bank,是不是跟我以上的例子有点相似?如果以面值来算的话,那这3间公司在马来西亚1,000间上市公司中的股权占有率就是及其微小的,但是以市价来算的话那情况就不一样了。现在大家可看透了马来西亚政府的“用心”了么?

2 comments:

  1. Who is the stupid fellow that use par value to calculate? Par value are useless! USA stop using it many years ago.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Too bad that our government did keep this par value system to achieve their evil intention.

    ReplyDelete